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The Gulf War, (1991)
and its Compliance to Just War Theory

In the early months of 1991, the United States in alliance with a number of 35 nations, fought a large-scale air and ground war to evict Iraq's occupying army residing within the borders of Kuwait. The war in question was instigated by Saddam Hussein’s accusation of Kuwait’s supposed siphoning of oil and conspiring to maintain low oil prices in order to entice western buyers. Following the coalition’s successful airborne offensive codenamed ‘Operation Dust Storm', decisive victory of the Gulf War went to the alliance. Both geographical locations in which the war was fought however, suffered heavy collateral damage and Hussein was not impeached from power. Throughout this essay I intend to assess the success of both parties in conducting and initiating the war whilst in compliance with the criteria of Jus Ad Bellum, Jus In Bello, and Jus Post Bellum.

The intended cause of liberating Kuwait from Iraqi forces does seem to render the Gulf War a just one in the perspective of the coalition. However, numerous factors such as high civilian casualties and a second, economic motive advantageous to the United States makes us question if the war was indeed a just war. A historian, Roger Williamson, states that the intervention of the United States will do little to alleviate the underlying causes of conflict and instead “exacerbate tensions in the surrounding regions of Kuwait.”
This contradicts a correct model of jus post bellum, as all just wars must strive to resolve any, if at all remaining conflict after the said war. Williamson also argues that the United States’ objective for war lies deeper than its willingness to defend Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the more questionable motives of maintaining inexpensive supplies of oil.

Later on in the war, the coalition gained a justifying reason in the context of jus ad bellum when in August 1990 along with the primary invasion of Kuwait, Hussein and his Republican Guard forces took people of other nationalities currently residing in Kuwait. Shortly after, Hussein made an appearance on international TV attempting to propagate that “they were not hostages, just guests currently held against their will”. Hussein’s intent was to use these hostages as bargaining chips to subdue the alliance's retaliation against the aforementioned invasion, and some were even made to use as “human shields”. While the hostages and the cause of freeing Kuwait provided the coalition with an adequate response to jus ad bellum, theories which state that the United States’ real intention was due to an economic motive makes the ‘justness’ of the Gulf War debatable.